Commit 97bfeac13f

Andrew Kelley <superjoe30@gmail.com>
2018-07-17 02:52:50
self-hosted: create tmp dir for .o files and emit .o file for fn
1 parent 0fa24b6
src/zig_llvm.cpp
@@ -440,6 +440,11 @@ ZigLLVMDIBuilder *ZigLLVMCreateDIBuilder(LLVMModuleRef module, bool allow_unreso
     return reinterpret_cast<ZigLLVMDIBuilder *>(di_builder);
 }
 
+void ZigLLVMDisposeDIBuilder(ZigLLVMDIBuilder *dbuilder) {
+    DIBuilder *di_builder = reinterpret_cast<DIBuilder *>(dbuilder);
+    delete di_builder;
+}
+
 void ZigLLVMSetCurrentDebugLocation(LLVMBuilderRef builder, int line, int column, ZigLLVMDIScope *scope) {
     unwrap(builder)->SetCurrentDebugLocation(DebugLoc::get(
                 line, column, reinterpret_cast<DIScope*>(scope)));
src/zig_llvm.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ struct ZigLLVMInsertionPoint;
 ZIG_EXTERN_C void ZigLLVMInitializeLoopStrengthReducePass(LLVMPassRegistryRef R);
 ZIG_EXTERN_C void ZigLLVMInitializeLowerIntrinsicsPass(LLVMPassRegistryRef R);
 
-/// Caller must free memory.
+/// Caller must free memory with LLVMDisposeMessage
 ZIG_EXTERN_C char *ZigLLVMGetHostCPUName(void);
 ZIG_EXTERN_C char *ZigLLVMGetNativeFeatures(void);
 
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ ZIG_EXTERN_C unsigned ZigLLVMTag_DW_enumeration_type(void);
 ZIG_EXTERN_C unsigned ZigLLVMTag_DW_union_type(void);
 
 ZIG_EXTERN_C struct ZigLLVMDIBuilder *ZigLLVMCreateDIBuilder(LLVMModuleRef module, bool allow_unresolved);
+ZIG_EXTERN_C void ZigLLVMDisposeDIBuilder(struct ZigLLVMDIBuilder *dbuilder);
 ZIG_EXTERN_C void ZigLLVMAddModuleDebugInfoFlag(LLVMModuleRef module);
 ZIG_EXTERN_C void ZigLLVMAddModuleCodeViewFlag(LLVMModuleRef module);
 
src-self-hosted/codegen.zig
@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
 const std = @import("std");
+const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const Compilation = @import("compilation.zig").Compilation;
-// we go through llvm instead of c for 2 reasons:
-// 1. to avoid accidentally calling the non-thread-safe functions
-// 2. patch up some of the types to remove nullability
 const llvm = @import("llvm.zig");
+const c = @import("c.zig");
 const ir = @import("ir.zig");
 const Value = @import("value.zig").Value;
 const Type = @import("type.zig").Type;
 const event = std.event;
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
+const DW = std.dwarf;
 
 pub async fn renderToLlvm(comp: *Compilation, fn_val: *Value.Fn, code: *ir.Code) !void {
     fn_val.base.ref();
     defer fn_val.base.deref(comp);
-    defer code.destroy(comp.a());
+    defer code.destroy(comp.gpa());
+
+    var output_path = try await (async comp.createRandomOutputPath(comp.target.oFileExt()) catch unreachable);
+    errdefer output_path.deinit();
 
     const llvm_handle = try comp.event_loop_local.getAnyLlvmContext();
     defer llvm_handle.release(comp.event_loop_local);
@@ -23,13 +26,56 @@ pub async fn renderToLlvm(comp: *Compilation, fn_val: *Value.Fn, code: *ir.Code)
     const module = llvm.ModuleCreateWithNameInContext(comp.name.ptr(), context) orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
     defer llvm.DisposeModule(module);
 
+    llvm.SetTarget(module, comp.llvm_triple.ptr());
+    llvm.SetDataLayout(module, comp.target_layout_str);
+
+    if (comp.target.getObjectFormat() == builtin.ObjectFormat.coff) {
+        llvm.AddModuleCodeViewFlag(module);
+    } else {
+        llvm.AddModuleDebugInfoFlag(module);
+    }
+
     const builder = llvm.CreateBuilderInContext(context) orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
     defer llvm.DisposeBuilder(builder);
 
+    const dibuilder = llvm.CreateDIBuilder(module, true) orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
+    defer llvm.DisposeDIBuilder(dibuilder);
+
+    // Don't use ZIG_VERSION_STRING here. LLVM misparses it when it includes
+    // the git revision.
+    const producer = try std.Buffer.allocPrint(
+        &code.arena.allocator,
+        "zig {}.{}.{}",
+        u32(c.ZIG_VERSION_MAJOR),
+        u32(c.ZIG_VERSION_MINOR),
+        u32(c.ZIG_VERSION_PATCH),
+    );
+    const flags = c"";
+    const runtime_version = 0;
+    const compile_unit_file = llvm.CreateFile(
+        dibuilder,
+        comp.name.ptr(),
+        comp.root_package.root_src_dir.ptr(),
+    ) orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
+    const is_optimized = comp.build_mode != builtin.Mode.Debug;
+    const compile_unit = llvm.CreateCompileUnit(
+        dibuilder,
+        DW.LANG_C99,
+        compile_unit_file,
+        producer.ptr(),
+        is_optimized,
+        flags,
+        runtime_version,
+        c"",
+        0,
+        !comp.strip,
+    ) orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
+
     var ofile = ObjectFile{
         .comp = comp,
         .module = module,
         .builder = builder,
+        .dibuilder = dibuilder,
         .context = context,
         .lock = event.Lock.init(comp.loop),
     };
@@ -41,8 +87,7 @@ pub async fn renderToLlvm(comp: *Compilation, fn_val: *Value.Fn, code: *ir.Code)
     //    LLVMSetModuleInlineAsm(g->module, buf_ptr(&g->global_asm));
     //}
 
-    // TODO
-    //ZigLLVMDIBuilderFinalize(g->dbuilder);
+    llvm.DIBuilderFinalize(dibuilder);
 
     if (comp.verbose_llvm_ir) {
         llvm.DumpModule(ofile.module);
@@ -53,17 +98,42 @@ pub async fn renderToLlvm(comp: *Compilation, fn_val: *Value.Fn, code: *ir.Code)
         var error_ptr: ?[*]u8 = null;
         _ = llvm.VerifyModule(ofile.module, llvm.AbortProcessAction, &error_ptr);
     }
+
+    assert(comp.emit_file_type == Compilation.Emit.Binary); // TODO support other types
+
+    const is_small = comp.build_mode == builtin.Mode.ReleaseSmall;
+    const is_debug = comp.build_mode == builtin.Mode.Debug;
+
+    var err_msg: [*]u8 = undefined;
+    // TODO integrate this with evented I/O
+    if (llvm.TargetMachineEmitToFile(
+        comp.target_machine,
+        module,
+        output_path.ptr(),
+        llvm.EmitBinary,
+        &err_msg,
+        is_debug,
+        is_small,
+    )) {
+        if (std.debug.runtime_safety) {
+            std.debug.panic("unable to write object file {}: {s}\n", output_path.toSliceConst(), err_msg);
+        }
+        return error.WritingObjectFileFailed;
+    }
+    //validate_inline_fns(g); TODO
+    fn_val.containing_object = output_path;
 }
 
 pub const ObjectFile = struct {
     comp: *Compilation,
     module: llvm.ModuleRef,
     builder: llvm.BuilderRef,
+    dibuilder: *llvm.DIBuilder,
     context: llvm.ContextRef,
     lock: event.Lock,
 
-    fn a(self: *ObjectFile) *std.mem.Allocator {
-        return self.comp.a();
+    fn gpa(self: *ObjectFile) *std.mem.Allocator {
+        return self.comp.gpa();
     }
 };
 
src-self-hosted/compilation.zig
@@ -26,16 +26,31 @@ const Value = @import("value.zig").Value;
 const Type = Value.Type;
 const Span = errmsg.Span;
 const codegen = @import("codegen.zig");
+const Package = @import("package.zig").Package;
 
 /// Data that is local to the event loop.
 pub const EventLoopLocal = struct {
     loop: *event.Loop,
     llvm_handle_pool: std.atomic.Stack(llvm.ContextRef),
 
-    fn init(loop: *event.Loop) EventLoopLocal {
+    /// TODO pool these so that it doesn't have to lock
+    prng: event.Locked(std.rand.DefaultPrng),
+
+    var lazy_init_targets = std.lazyInit(void);
+
+    fn init(loop: *event.Loop) !EventLoopLocal {
+        lazy_init_targets.get() orelse {
+            Target.initializeAll();
+            lazy_init_targets.resolve();
+        };
+
+        var seed_bytes: [@sizeOf(u64)]u8 = undefined;
+        try std.os.getRandomBytes(seed_bytes[0..]);
+        const seed = std.mem.readInt(seed_bytes, u64, builtin.Endian.Big);
         return EventLoopLocal{
             .loop = loop,
             .llvm_handle_pool = std.atomic.Stack(llvm.ContextRef).init(),
+            .prng = event.Locked(std.rand.DefaultPrng).init(loop, std.rand.DefaultPrng.init(seed)),
         };
     }
 
@@ -76,10 +91,16 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
     event_loop_local: *EventLoopLocal,
     loop: *event.Loop,
     name: Buffer,
+    llvm_triple: Buffer,
     root_src_path: ?[]const u8,
     target: Target,
+    llvm_target: llvm.TargetRef,
     build_mode: builtin.Mode,
     zig_lib_dir: []const u8,
+    zig_std_dir: []const u8,
+
+    /// lazily created when we need it
+    tmp_dir: event.Future(BuildError![]u8),
 
     version_major: u32,
     version_minor: u32,
@@ -106,8 +127,16 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
     lib_dirs: []const []const u8,
     rpath_list: []const []const u8,
     assembly_files: []const []const u8,
+
+    /// paths that are explicitly provided by the user to link against
     link_objects: []const []const u8,
 
+    /// functions that have their own objects that we need to link
+    /// it uses an optional pointer so that tombstone removals are possible
+    fn_link_set: event.Locked(FnLinkSet),
+
+    pub const FnLinkSet = std.LinkedList(?*Value.Fn);
+
     windows_subsystem_windows: bool,
     windows_subsystem_console: bool,
 
@@ -141,7 +170,7 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
 
     /// Before code generation starts, must wait on this group to make sure
     /// the build is complete.
-    build_group: event.Group(BuildError!void),
+    prelink_group: event.Group(BuildError!void),
 
     compile_errors: event.Locked(CompileErrList),
 
@@ -155,6 +184,16 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
     false_value: *Value.Bool,
     noreturn_value: *Value.NoReturn,
 
+    target_machine: llvm.TargetMachineRef,
+    target_data_ref: llvm.TargetDataRef,
+    target_layout_str: [*]u8,
+
+    /// for allocating things which have the same lifetime as this Compilation
+    arena_allocator: std.heap.ArenaAllocator,
+
+    root_package: *Package,
+    std_package: *Package,
+
     const CompileErrList = std.ArrayList(*errmsg.Msg);
 
     // TODO handle some of these earlier and report them in a way other than error codes
@@ -195,6 +234,9 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
         BufferTooSmall,
         Unimplemented, // TODO remove this one
         SemanticAnalysisFailed, // TODO remove this one
+        ReadOnlyFileSystem,
+        LinkQuotaExceeded,
+        EnvironmentVariableNotFound,
     };
 
     pub const Event = union(enum) {
@@ -234,31 +276,31 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
         event_loop_local: *EventLoopLocal,
         name: []const u8,
         root_src_path: ?[]const u8,
-        target: *const Target,
+        target: Target,
         kind: Kind,
         build_mode: builtin.Mode,
+        is_static: bool,
         zig_lib_dir: []const u8,
         cache_dir: []const u8,
     ) !*Compilation {
         const loop = event_loop_local.loop;
-
-        var name_buffer = try Buffer.init(loop.allocator, name);
-        errdefer name_buffer.deinit();
-
-        const events = try event.Channel(Event).create(loop, 0);
-        errdefer events.destroy();
-
-        const comp = try loop.allocator.create(Compilation{
+        const comp = try event_loop_local.loop.allocator.create(Compilation{
             .loop = loop,
+            .arena_allocator = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(loop.allocator),
             .event_loop_local = event_loop_local,
-            .events = events,
-            .name = name_buffer,
+            .events = undefined,
             .root_src_path = root_src_path,
-            .target = target.*,
+            .target = target,
+            .llvm_target = undefined,
             .kind = kind,
             .build_mode = build_mode,
             .zig_lib_dir = zig_lib_dir,
+            .zig_std_dir = undefined,
             .cache_dir = cache_dir,
+            .tmp_dir = event.Future(BuildError![]u8).init(loop),
+
+            .name = undefined,
+            .llvm_triple = undefined,
 
             .version_major = 0,
             .version_minor = 0,
@@ -283,7 +325,7 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             .is_test = false,
             .each_lib_rpath = false,
             .strip = false,
-            .is_static = false,
+            .is_static = is_static,
             .linker_rdynamic = false,
             .clang_argv = [][]const u8{},
             .llvm_argv = [][]const u8{},
@@ -291,9 +333,10 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             .rpath_list = [][]const u8{},
             .assembly_files = [][]const u8{},
             .link_objects = [][]const u8{},
+            .fn_link_set = event.Locked(FnLinkSet).init(loop, FnLinkSet.init()),
             .windows_subsystem_windows = false,
             .windows_subsystem_console = false,
-            .link_libs_list = ArrayList(*LinkLib).init(loop.allocator),
+            .link_libs_list = undefined,
             .libc_link_lib = null,
             .err_color = errmsg.Color.Auto,
             .darwin_frameworks = [][]const u8{},
@@ -303,7 +346,7 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             .emit_file_type = Emit.Binary,
             .link_out_file = null,
             .exported_symbol_names = event.Locked(Decl.Table).init(loop, Decl.Table.init(loop.allocator)),
-            .build_group = event.Group(BuildError!void).init(loop),
+            .prelink_group = event.Group(BuildError!void).init(loop),
             .compile_errors = event.Locked(CompileErrList).init(loop, CompileErrList.init(loop.allocator)),
 
             .meta_type = undefined,
@@ -314,13 +357,82 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             .false_value = undefined,
             .noreturn_type = undefined,
             .noreturn_value = undefined,
+
+            .target_machine = undefined,
+            .target_data_ref = undefined,
+            .target_layout_str = undefined,
+
+            .root_package = undefined,
+            .std_package = undefined,
         });
+        errdefer {
+            comp.arena_allocator.deinit();
+            comp.loop.allocator.destroy(comp);
+        }
+
+        comp.name = try Buffer.init(comp.arena(), name);
+        comp.llvm_triple = try target.getTriple(comp.arena());
+        comp.llvm_target = try Target.llvmTargetFromTriple(comp.llvm_triple);
+        comp.link_libs_list = ArrayList(*LinkLib).init(comp.arena());
+        comp.zig_std_dir = try std.os.path.join(comp.arena(), zig_lib_dir, "std");
+
+        const opt_level = switch (build_mode) {
+            builtin.Mode.Debug => llvm.CodeGenLevelNone,
+            else => llvm.CodeGenLevelAggressive,
+        };
+
+        const reloc_mode = if (is_static) llvm.RelocStatic else llvm.RelocPIC;
+
+        // LLVM creates invalid binaries on Windows sometimes.
+        // See https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/508
+        // As a workaround we do not use target native features on Windows.
+        var target_specific_cpu_args: ?[*]u8 = null;
+        var target_specific_cpu_features: ?[*]u8 = null;
+        errdefer llvm.DisposeMessage(target_specific_cpu_args);
+        errdefer llvm.DisposeMessage(target_specific_cpu_features);
+        if (target == Target.Native and !target.isWindows()) {
+            target_specific_cpu_args = llvm.GetHostCPUName() orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
+            target_specific_cpu_features = llvm.GetNativeFeatures() orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
+        }
+
+        comp.target_machine = llvm.CreateTargetMachine(
+            comp.llvm_target,
+            comp.llvm_triple.ptr(),
+            target_specific_cpu_args orelse c"",
+            target_specific_cpu_features orelse c"",
+            opt_level,
+            reloc_mode,
+            llvm.CodeModelDefault,
+        ) orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
+        errdefer llvm.DisposeTargetMachine(comp.target_machine);
+
+        comp.target_data_ref = llvm.CreateTargetDataLayout(comp.target_machine) orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
+        errdefer llvm.DisposeTargetData(comp.target_data_ref);
+
+        comp.target_layout_str = llvm.CopyStringRepOfTargetData(comp.target_data_ref) orelse return error.OutOfMemory;
+        errdefer llvm.DisposeMessage(comp.target_layout_str);
+
+        comp.events = try event.Channel(Event).create(comp.loop, 0);
+        errdefer comp.events.destroy();
+
+        if (root_src_path) |root_src| {
+            const dirname = std.os.path.dirname(root_src) orelse ".";
+            const basename = std.os.path.basename(root_src);
+
+            comp.root_package = try Package.create(comp.arena(), dirname, basename);
+            comp.std_package = try Package.create(comp.arena(), comp.zig_std_dir, "index.zig");
+            try comp.root_package.add("std", comp.std_package);
+        } else {
+            comp.root_package = try Package.create(comp.arena(), ".", "");
+        }
+
         try comp.initTypes();
+
         return comp;
     }
 
     fn initTypes(comp: *Compilation) !void {
-        comp.meta_type = try comp.a().create(Type.MetaType{
+        comp.meta_type = try comp.gpa().create(Type.MetaType{
             .base = Type{
                 .base = Value{
                     .id = Value.Id.Type,
@@ -333,9 +445,9 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
         });
         comp.meta_type.value = &comp.meta_type.base;
         comp.meta_type.base.base.typeof = &comp.meta_type.base;
-        errdefer comp.a().destroy(comp.meta_type);
+        errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(comp.meta_type);
 
-        comp.void_type = try comp.a().create(Type.Void{
+        comp.void_type = try comp.gpa().create(Type.Void{
             .base = Type{
                 .base = Value{
                     .id = Value.Id.Type,
@@ -345,9 +457,9 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
                 .id = builtin.TypeId.Void,
             },
         });
-        errdefer comp.a().destroy(comp.void_type);
+        errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(comp.void_type);
 
-        comp.noreturn_type = try comp.a().create(Type.NoReturn{
+        comp.noreturn_type = try comp.gpa().create(Type.NoReturn{
             .base = Type{
                 .base = Value{
                     .id = Value.Id.Type,
@@ -357,9 +469,9 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
                 .id = builtin.TypeId.NoReturn,
             },
         });
-        errdefer comp.a().destroy(comp.noreturn_type);
+        errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(comp.noreturn_type);
 
-        comp.bool_type = try comp.a().create(Type.Bool{
+        comp.bool_type = try comp.gpa().create(Type.Bool{
             .base = Type{
                 .base = Value{
                     .id = Value.Id.Type,
@@ -369,18 +481,18 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
                 .id = builtin.TypeId.Bool,
             },
         });
-        errdefer comp.a().destroy(comp.bool_type);
+        errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(comp.bool_type);
 
-        comp.void_value = try comp.a().create(Value.Void{
+        comp.void_value = try comp.gpa().create(Value.Void{
             .base = Value{
                 .id = Value.Id.Void,
                 .typeof = &Type.Void.get(comp).base,
                 .ref_count = std.atomic.Int(usize).init(1),
             },
         });
-        errdefer comp.a().destroy(comp.void_value);
+        errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(comp.void_value);
 
-        comp.true_value = try comp.a().create(Value.Bool{
+        comp.true_value = try comp.gpa().create(Value.Bool{
             .base = Value{
                 .id = Value.Id.Bool,
                 .typeof = &Type.Bool.get(comp).base,
@@ -388,9 +500,9 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             },
             .x = true,
         });
-        errdefer comp.a().destroy(comp.true_value);
+        errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(comp.true_value);
 
-        comp.false_value = try comp.a().create(Value.Bool{
+        comp.false_value = try comp.gpa().create(Value.Bool{
             .base = Value{
                 .id = Value.Id.Bool,
                 .typeof = &Type.Bool.get(comp).base,
@@ -398,19 +510,23 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             },
             .x = false,
         });
-        errdefer comp.a().destroy(comp.false_value);
+        errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(comp.false_value);
 
-        comp.noreturn_value = try comp.a().create(Value.NoReturn{
+        comp.noreturn_value = try comp.gpa().create(Value.NoReturn{
             .base = Value{
                 .id = Value.Id.NoReturn,
                 .typeof = &Type.NoReturn.get(comp).base,
                 .ref_count = std.atomic.Int(usize).init(1),
             },
         });
-        errdefer comp.a().destroy(comp.noreturn_value);
+        errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(comp.noreturn_value);
     }
 
     pub fn destroy(self: *Compilation) void {
+        if (self.tmp_dir.getOrNull()) |tmp_dir_result| if (tmp_dir_result.*) |tmp_dir| {
+            os.deleteTree(self.arena(), tmp_dir) catch {};
+        } else |_| {};
+
         self.noreturn_value.base.deref(self);
         self.void_value.base.deref(self);
         self.false_value.base.deref(self);
@@ -420,14 +536,18 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
         self.meta_type.base.base.deref(self);
 
         self.events.destroy();
-        self.name.deinit();
 
-        self.a().destroy(self);
+        llvm.DisposeMessage(self.target_layout_str);
+        llvm.DisposeTargetData(self.target_data_ref);
+        llvm.DisposeTargetMachine(self.target_machine);
+
+        self.arena_allocator.deinit();
+        self.gpa().destroy(self);
     }
 
     pub fn build(self: *Compilation) !void {
         if (self.llvm_argv.len != 0) {
-            var c_compatible_args = try std.cstr.NullTerminated2DArray.fromSlices(self.a(), [][]const []const u8{
+            var c_compatible_args = try std.cstr.NullTerminated2DArray.fromSlices(self.arena(), [][]const []const u8{
                 [][]const u8{"zig (LLVM option parsing)"},
                 self.llvm_argv,
             });
@@ -436,7 +556,7 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             c.ZigLLVMParseCommandLineOptions(self.llvm_argv.len + 1, c_compatible_args.ptr);
         }
 
-        _ = try async<self.a()> self.buildAsync();
+        _ = try async<self.gpa()> self.buildAsync();
     }
 
     async fn buildAsync(self: *Compilation) void {
@@ -464,7 +584,7 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
                 }
             } else |err| {
                 // if there's an error then the compile errors have dangling references
-                self.a().free(compile_errors);
+                self.gpa().free(compile_errors);
 
                 await (async self.events.put(Event{ .Error = err }) catch unreachable);
             }
@@ -477,26 +597,26 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
     async fn addRootSrc(self: *Compilation) !void {
         const root_src_path = self.root_src_path orelse @panic("TODO handle null root src path");
         // TODO async/await os.path.real
-        const root_src_real_path = os.path.real(self.a(), root_src_path) catch |err| {
+        const root_src_real_path = os.path.real(self.gpa(), root_src_path) catch |err| {
             try printError("unable to get real path '{}': {}", root_src_path, err);
             return err;
         };
-        errdefer self.a().free(root_src_real_path);
+        errdefer self.gpa().free(root_src_real_path);
 
         // TODO async/await readFileAlloc()
-        const source_code = io.readFileAlloc(self.a(), root_src_real_path) catch |err| {
+        const source_code = io.readFileAlloc(self.gpa(), root_src_real_path) catch |err| {
             try printError("unable to open '{}': {}", root_src_real_path, err);
             return err;
         };
-        errdefer self.a().free(source_code);
+        errdefer self.gpa().free(source_code);
 
-        const parsed_file = try self.a().create(ParsedFile{
+        const parsed_file = try self.gpa().create(ParsedFile{
             .tree = undefined,
             .realpath = root_src_real_path,
         });
-        errdefer self.a().destroy(parsed_file);
+        errdefer self.gpa().destroy(parsed_file);
 
-        parsed_file.tree = try std.zig.parse(self.a(), source_code);
+        parsed_file.tree = try std.zig.parse(self.gpa(), source_code);
         errdefer parsed_file.tree.deinit();
 
         const tree = &parsed_file.tree;
@@ -525,7 +645,7 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
                         continue;
                     };
 
-                    const fn_decl = try self.a().create(Decl.Fn{
+                    const fn_decl = try self.gpa().create(Decl.Fn{
                         .base = Decl{
                             .id = Decl.Id.Fn,
                             .name = name,
@@ -538,7 +658,7 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
                         .value = Decl.Fn.Val{ .Unresolved = {} },
                         .fn_proto = fn_proto,
                     });
-                    errdefer self.a().destroy(fn_decl);
+                    errdefer self.gpa().destroy(fn_decl);
 
                     try decl_group.call(addTopLevelDecl, self, &fn_decl.base);
                 },
@@ -547,15 +667,15 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             }
         }
         try await (async decl_group.wait() catch unreachable);
-        try await (async self.build_group.wait() catch unreachable);
+        try await (async self.prelink_group.wait() catch unreachable);
     }
 
     async fn addTopLevelDecl(self: *Compilation, decl: *Decl) !void {
         const is_export = decl.isExported(&decl.parsed_file.tree);
 
         if (is_export) {
-            try self.build_group.call(verifyUniqueSymbol, self, decl);
-            try self.build_group.call(resolveDecl, self, decl);
+            try self.prelink_group.call(verifyUniqueSymbol, self, decl);
+            try self.prelink_group.call(resolveDecl, self, decl);
         }
     }
 
@@ -563,7 +683,7 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
         const text = try std.fmt.allocPrint(self.loop.allocator, fmt, args);
         errdefer self.loop.allocator.free(text);
 
-        try self.build_group.call(addCompileErrorAsync, self, parsed_file, span, text);
+        try self.prelink_group.call(addCompileErrorAsync, self, parsed_file, span, text);
     }
 
     async fn addCompileErrorAsync(
@@ -625,11 +745,11 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
             }
         }
 
-        const link_lib = try self.a().create(LinkLib{
+        const link_lib = try self.gpa().create(LinkLib{
             .name = name,
             .path = null,
             .provided_explicitly = provided_explicitly,
-            .symbols = ArrayList([]u8).init(self.a()),
+            .symbols = ArrayList([]u8).init(self.gpa()),
         });
         try self.link_libs_list.append(link_lib);
         if (is_libc) {
@@ -638,9 +758,71 @@ pub const Compilation = struct {
         return link_lib;
     }
 
-    fn a(self: Compilation) *mem.Allocator {
+    /// General Purpose Allocator. Must free when done.
+    fn gpa(self: Compilation) *mem.Allocator {
         return self.loop.allocator;
     }
+
+    /// Arena Allocator. Automatically freed when the Compilation is destroyed.
+    fn arena(self: *Compilation) *mem.Allocator {
+        return &self.arena_allocator.allocator;
+    }
+
+    /// If the temporary directory for this compilation has not been created, it creates it.
+    /// Then it creates a random file name in that dir and returns it.
+    pub async fn createRandomOutputPath(self: *Compilation, suffix: []const u8) !Buffer {
+        const tmp_dir = try await (async self.getTmpDir() catch unreachable);
+        const file_prefix = await (async self.getRandomFileName() catch unreachable);
+
+        const file_name = try std.fmt.allocPrint(self.gpa(), "{}{}", file_prefix[0..], suffix);
+        defer self.gpa().free(file_name);
+
+        const full_path = try os.path.join(self.gpa(), tmp_dir, file_name[0..]);
+        errdefer self.gpa().free(full_path);
+
+        return Buffer.fromOwnedSlice(self.gpa(), full_path);
+    }
+
+    /// If the temporary directory for this Compilation has not been created, creates it.
+    /// Then returns it. The directory is unique to this Compilation and cleaned up when
+    /// the Compilation deinitializes.
+    async fn getTmpDir(self: *Compilation) ![]const u8 {
+        if (await (async self.tmp_dir.start() catch unreachable)) |ptr| return ptr.*;
+        self.tmp_dir.data = await (async self.getTmpDirImpl() catch unreachable);
+        self.tmp_dir.resolve();
+        return self.tmp_dir.data;
+    }
+
+    async fn getTmpDirImpl(self: *Compilation) ![]u8 {
+        const comp_dir_name = await (async self.getRandomFileName() catch unreachable);
+        const zig_dir_path = try getZigDir(self.gpa());
+        defer self.gpa().free(zig_dir_path);
+
+        const tmp_dir = try os.path.join(self.arena(), zig_dir_path, comp_dir_name[0..]);
+        try os.makePath(self.gpa(), tmp_dir);
+        return tmp_dir;
+    }
+
+    async fn getRandomFileName(self: *Compilation) [12]u8 {
+        // here we replace the standard +/ with -_ so that it can be used in a file name
+        const b64_fs_encoder = std.base64.Base64Encoder.init(
+            "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_",
+            std.base64.standard_pad_char,
+        );
+
+        var rand_bytes: [9]u8 = undefined;
+
+        {
+            const held = await (async self.event_loop_local.prng.acquire() catch unreachable);
+            defer held.release();
+
+            held.value.random.bytes(rand_bytes[0..]);
+        }
+
+        var result: [12]u8 = undefined;
+        b64_fs_encoder.encode(result[0..], rand_bytes);
+        return result;
+    }
 };
 
 fn printError(comptime format: []const u8, args: ...) !void {
@@ -662,13 +844,11 @@ fn parseVisibToken(tree: *ast.Tree, optional_token_index: ?ast.TokenIndex) Visib
 
 /// This declaration has been blessed as going into the final code generation.
 pub async fn resolveDecl(comp: *Compilation, decl: *Decl) !void {
-    if (@atomicRmw(u8, &decl.resolution_in_progress, AtomicRmwOp.Xchg, 1, AtomicOrder.SeqCst) == 0) {
-        decl.resolution.data = await (async generateDecl(comp, decl) catch unreachable);
-        decl.resolution.resolve();
-        return decl.resolution.data;
-    } else {
-        return (await (async decl.resolution.get() catch unreachable)).*;
-    }
+    if (await (async decl.resolution.start() catch unreachable)) |ptr| return ptr.*;
+
+    decl.resolution.data = await (async generateDecl(comp, decl) catch unreachable);
+    decl.resolution.resolve();
+    return decl.resolution.data;
 }
 
 /// The function that actually does the generation.
@@ -698,7 +878,7 @@ async fn generateDeclFn(comp: *Compilation, fn_decl: *Decl.Fn) !void {
     const fn_type = try Type.Fn.create(comp, return_type, params, is_var_args);
     defer fn_type.base.base.deref(comp);
 
-    var symbol_name = try std.Buffer.init(comp.a(), fn_decl.base.name);
+    var symbol_name = try std.Buffer.init(comp.gpa(), fn_decl.base.name);
     errdefer symbol_name.deinit();
 
     const fn_val = try Value.Fn.create(comp, fn_type, fndef_scope, symbol_name);
@@ -719,7 +899,7 @@ async fn generateDeclFn(comp: *Compilation, fn_decl: *Decl.Fn) !void {
         error.SemanticAnalysisFailed => return {},
         else => return err,
     };
-    defer unanalyzed_code.destroy(comp.a());
+    defer unanalyzed_code.destroy(comp.gpa());
 
     if (comp.verbose_ir) {
         std.debug.warn("unanalyzed:\n");
@@ -738,7 +918,7 @@ async fn generateDeclFn(comp: *Compilation, fn_decl: *Decl.Fn) !void {
         error.SemanticAnalysisFailed => return {},
         else => return err,
     };
-    errdefer analyzed_code.destroy(comp.a());
+    errdefer analyzed_code.destroy(comp.gpa());
 
     if (comp.verbose_ir) {
         std.debug.warn("analyzed:\n");
@@ -747,5 +927,30 @@ async fn generateDeclFn(comp: *Compilation, fn_decl: *Decl.Fn) !void {
 
     // Kick off rendering to LLVM module, but it doesn't block the fn decl
     // analysis from being complete.
-    try comp.build_group.call(codegen.renderToLlvm, comp, fn_val, analyzed_code);
+    try comp.prelink_group.call(codegen.renderToLlvm, comp, fn_val, analyzed_code);
+    try comp.prelink_group.call(addFnToLinkSet, comp, fn_val);
+}
+
+async fn addFnToLinkSet(comp: *Compilation, fn_val: *Value.Fn) void {
+    fn_val.base.ref();
+    defer fn_val.base.deref(comp);
+
+    fn_val.link_set_node.data = fn_val;
+
+    const held = await (async comp.fn_link_set.acquire() catch unreachable);
+    defer held.release();
+
+    held.value.append(fn_val.link_set_node);
+}
+
+fn getZigDir(allocator: *mem.Allocator) ![]u8 {
+    const home_dir = try getHomeDir(allocator);
+    defer allocator.free(home_dir);
+
+    return os.path.join(allocator, home_dir, ".zig");
+}
+
+/// TODO move to zig std lib, and make it work for other OSes
+fn getHomeDir(allocator: *mem.Allocator) ![]u8 {
+    return os.getEnvVarOwned(allocator, "HOME");
 }
src-self-hosted/ir.zig
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ pub const Code = struct {
     arena: std.heap.ArenaAllocator,
     return_type: ?*Type,
 
-    /// allocator is comp.a()
+    /// allocator is comp.gpa()
     pub fn destroy(self: *Code, allocator: *Allocator) void {
         self.arena.deinit();
         allocator.destroy(self);
@@ -483,13 +483,13 @@ pub const Builder = struct {
     pub const Error = Analyze.Error;
 
     pub fn init(comp: *Compilation, parsed_file: *ParsedFile) !Builder {
-        const code = try comp.a().create(Code{
+        const code = try comp.gpa().create(Code{
             .basic_block_list = undefined,
-            .arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(comp.a()),
+            .arena = std.heap.ArenaAllocator.init(comp.gpa()),
             .return_type = null,
         });
         code.basic_block_list = std.ArrayList(*BasicBlock).init(&code.arena.allocator);
-        errdefer code.destroy(comp.a());
+        errdefer code.destroy(comp.gpa());
 
         return Builder{
             .comp = comp,
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ pub const Builder = struct {
     }
 
     pub fn abort(self: *Builder) void {
-        self.code.destroy(self.comp.a());
+        self.code.destroy(self.comp.gpa());
     }
 
     /// Call code.destroy() when done
src-self-hosted/llvm.zig
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@ const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const c = @import("c.zig");
 const assert = @import("std").debug.assert;
 
+// we wrap the c module for 3 reasons:
+// 1. to avoid accidentally calling the non-thread-safe functions
+// 2. patch up some of the types to remove nullability
+// 3. some functions have been augmented by zig_llvm.cpp to be more powerful,
+//    such as ZigLLVMTargetMachineEmitToFile
+
 pub const AttributeIndex = c_uint;
 pub const Bool = c_int;
 
@@ -12,25 +18,51 @@ pub const ValueRef = removeNullability(c.LLVMValueRef);
 pub const TypeRef = removeNullability(c.LLVMTypeRef);
 pub const BasicBlockRef = removeNullability(c.LLVMBasicBlockRef);
 pub const AttributeRef = removeNullability(c.LLVMAttributeRef);
+pub const TargetRef = removeNullability(c.LLVMTargetRef);
+pub const TargetMachineRef = removeNullability(c.LLVMTargetMachineRef);
+pub const TargetDataRef = removeNullability(c.LLVMTargetDataRef);
+pub const DIBuilder = c.ZigLLVMDIBuilder;
 
 pub const AddAttributeAtIndex = c.LLVMAddAttributeAtIndex;
 pub const AddFunction = c.LLVMAddFunction;
+pub const AddModuleCodeViewFlag = c.ZigLLVMAddModuleCodeViewFlag;
+pub const AddModuleDebugInfoFlag = c.ZigLLVMAddModuleDebugInfoFlag;
 pub const ClearCurrentDebugLocation = c.ZigLLVMClearCurrentDebugLocation;
+pub const ConstAllOnes = c.LLVMConstAllOnes;
 pub const ConstInt = c.LLVMConstInt;
+pub const ConstNull = c.LLVMConstNull;
 pub const ConstStringInContext = c.LLVMConstStringInContext;
 pub const ConstStructInContext = c.LLVMConstStructInContext;
+pub const CopyStringRepOfTargetData = c.LLVMCopyStringRepOfTargetData;
 pub const CreateBuilderInContext = c.LLVMCreateBuilderInContext;
+pub const CreateCompileUnit = c.ZigLLVMCreateCompileUnit;
+pub const CreateDIBuilder = c.ZigLLVMCreateDIBuilder;
 pub const CreateEnumAttribute = c.LLVMCreateEnumAttribute;
+pub const CreateFile = c.ZigLLVMCreateFile;
 pub const CreateStringAttribute = c.LLVMCreateStringAttribute;
+pub const CreateTargetDataLayout = c.LLVMCreateTargetDataLayout;
+pub const CreateTargetMachine = c.LLVMCreateTargetMachine;
+pub const DIBuilderFinalize = c.ZigLLVMDIBuilderFinalize;
 pub const DisposeBuilder = c.LLVMDisposeBuilder;
+pub const DisposeDIBuilder = c.ZigLLVMDisposeDIBuilder;
+pub const DisposeMessage = c.LLVMDisposeMessage;
 pub const DisposeModule = c.LLVMDisposeModule;
+pub const DisposeTargetData = c.LLVMDisposeTargetData;
+pub const DisposeTargetMachine = c.LLVMDisposeTargetMachine;
 pub const DoubleTypeInContext = c.LLVMDoubleTypeInContext;
 pub const DumpModule = c.LLVMDumpModule;
 pub const FP128TypeInContext = c.LLVMFP128TypeInContext;
 pub const FloatTypeInContext = c.LLVMFloatTypeInContext;
 pub const GetEnumAttributeKindForName = c.LLVMGetEnumAttributeKindForName;
+pub const GetHostCPUName = c.ZigLLVMGetHostCPUName;
 pub const GetMDKindIDInContext = c.LLVMGetMDKindIDInContext;
+pub const GetNativeFeatures = c.ZigLLVMGetNativeFeatures;
 pub const HalfTypeInContext = c.LLVMHalfTypeInContext;
+pub const InitializeAllAsmParsers = c.LLVMInitializeAllAsmParsers;
+pub const InitializeAllAsmPrinters = c.LLVMInitializeAllAsmPrinters;
+pub const InitializeAllTargetInfos = c.LLVMInitializeAllTargetInfos;
+pub const InitializeAllTargetMCs = c.LLVMInitializeAllTargetMCs;
+pub const InitializeAllTargets = c.LLVMInitializeAllTargets;
 pub const InsertBasicBlockInContext = c.LLVMInsertBasicBlockInContext;
 pub const Int128TypeInContext = c.LLVMInt128TypeInContext;
 pub const Int16TypeInContext = c.LLVMInt16TypeInContext;
@@ -47,13 +79,16 @@ pub const MDStringInContext = c.LLVMMDStringInContext;
 pub const MetadataTypeInContext = c.LLVMMetadataTypeInContext;
 pub const ModuleCreateWithNameInContext = c.LLVMModuleCreateWithNameInContext;
 pub const PPCFP128TypeInContext = c.LLVMPPCFP128TypeInContext;
+pub const SetDataLayout = c.LLVMSetDataLayout;
+pub const SetTarget = c.LLVMSetTarget;
 pub const StructTypeInContext = c.LLVMStructTypeInContext;
 pub const TokenTypeInContext = c.LLVMTokenTypeInContext;
 pub const VoidTypeInContext = c.LLVMVoidTypeInContext;
 pub const X86FP80TypeInContext = c.LLVMX86FP80TypeInContext;
 pub const X86MMXTypeInContext = c.LLVMX86MMXTypeInContext;
-pub const ConstAllOnes = c.LLVMConstAllOnes;
-pub const ConstNull = c.LLVMConstNull;
+
+pub const GetTargetFromTriple = LLVMGetTargetFromTriple;
+extern fn LLVMGetTargetFromTriple(Triple: [*]const u8, T: *TargetRef, ErrorMessage: ?*[*]u8) Bool;
 
 pub const VerifyModule = LLVMVerifyModule;
 extern fn LLVMVerifyModule(M: ModuleRef, Action: VerifierFailureAction, OutMessage: *?[*]u8) Bool;
@@ -83,6 +118,31 @@ pub const PrintMessageAction = VerifierFailureAction.LLVMPrintMessageAction;
 pub const ReturnStatusAction = VerifierFailureAction.LLVMReturnStatusAction;
 pub const VerifierFailureAction = c.LLVMVerifierFailureAction;
 
+pub const CodeGenLevelNone = c.LLVMCodeGenOptLevel.LLVMCodeGenLevelNone;
+pub const CodeGenLevelLess = c.LLVMCodeGenOptLevel.LLVMCodeGenLevelLess;
+pub const CodeGenLevelDefault = c.LLVMCodeGenOptLevel.LLVMCodeGenLevelDefault;
+pub const CodeGenLevelAggressive = c.LLVMCodeGenOptLevel.LLVMCodeGenLevelAggressive;
+pub const CodeGenOptLevel = c.LLVMCodeGenOptLevel;
+
+pub const RelocDefault = c.LLVMRelocMode.LLVMRelocDefault;
+pub const RelocStatic = c.LLVMRelocMode.LLVMRelocStatic;
+pub const RelocPIC = c.LLVMRelocMode.LLVMRelocPIC;
+pub const RelocDynamicNoPic = c.LLVMRelocMode.LLVMRelocDynamicNoPic;
+pub const RelocMode = c.LLVMRelocMode;
+
+pub const CodeModelDefault = c.LLVMCodeModel.LLVMCodeModelDefault;
+pub const CodeModelJITDefault = c.LLVMCodeModel.LLVMCodeModelJITDefault;
+pub const CodeModelSmall = c.LLVMCodeModel.LLVMCodeModelSmall;
+pub const CodeModelKernel = c.LLVMCodeModel.LLVMCodeModelKernel;
+pub const CodeModelMedium = c.LLVMCodeModel.LLVMCodeModelMedium;
+pub const CodeModelLarge = c.LLVMCodeModel.LLVMCodeModelLarge;
+pub const CodeModel = c.LLVMCodeModel;
+
+pub const EmitAssembly = EmitOutputType.ZigLLVM_EmitAssembly;
+pub const EmitBinary = EmitOutputType.ZigLLVM_EmitBinary;
+pub const EmitLLVMIr = EmitOutputType.ZigLLVM_EmitLLVMIr;
+pub const EmitOutputType = c.ZigLLVM_EmitOutputType;
+
 fn removeNullability(comptime T: type) type {
     comptime assert(@typeId(T) == builtin.TypeId.Optional);
     return T.Child;
@@ -90,3 +150,14 @@ fn removeNullability(comptime T: type) type {
 
 pub const BuildRet = LLVMBuildRet;
 extern fn LLVMBuildRet(arg0: BuilderRef, V: ?ValueRef) ValueRef;
+
+pub const TargetMachineEmitToFile = ZigLLVMTargetMachineEmitToFile;
+extern fn ZigLLVMTargetMachineEmitToFile(
+    targ_machine_ref: TargetMachineRef,
+    module_ref: ModuleRef,
+    filename: [*]const u8,
+    output_type: EmitOutputType,
+    error_message: *[*]u8,
+    is_debug: bool,
+    is_small: bool,
+) bool;
src-self-hosted/main.zig
@@ -363,6 +363,8 @@ fn buildOutputType(allocator: *Allocator, args: []const []const u8, out_type: Co
         }
     };
 
+    const is_static = flags.present("static");
+
     const assembly_files = flags.many("assembly");
     const link_objects = flags.many("object");
     if (root_source_file == null and link_objects.len == 0 and assembly_files.len == 0) {
@@ -389,7 +391,7 @@ fn buildOutputType(allocator: *Allocator, args: []const []const u8, out_type: Co
     try loop.initMultiThreaded(allocator);
     defer loop.deinit();
 
-    var event_loop_local = EventLoopLocal.init(&loop);
+    var event_loop_local = try EventLoopLocal.init(&loop);
     defer event_loop_local.deinit();
 
     var comp = try Compilation.create(
@@ -399,6 +401,7 @@ fn buildOutputType(allocator: *Allocator, args: []const []const u8, out_type: Co
         Target.Native,
         out_type,
         build_mode,
+        is_static,
         zig_lib_dir,
         full_cache_dir,
     );
@@ -426,7 +429,6 @@ fn buildOutputType(allocator: *Allocator, args: []const []const u8, out_type: Co
     comp.clang_argv = clang_argv_buf.toSliceConst();
 
     comp.strip = flags.present("strip");
-    comp.is_static = flags.present("static");
 
     if (flags.single("libc-lib-dir")) |libc_lib_dir| {
         comp.libc_lib_dir = libc_lib_dir;
@@ -481,9 +483,9 @@ fn buildOutputType(allocator: *Allocator, args: []const []const u8, out_type: Co
     }
 
     comp.emit_file_type = emit_type;
-    comp.link_objects = link_objects;
     comp.assembly_files = assembly_files;
     comp.link_out_file = flags.single("out-file");
+    comp.link_objects = link_objects;
 
     try comp.build();
     const process_build_events_handle = try async<loop.allocator> processBuildEvents(comp, color);
src-self-hosted/package.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+const std = @import("std");
+const mem = std.mem;
+const assert = std.debug.assert;
+const Buffer = std.Buffer;
+
+pub const Package = struct {
+    root_src_dir: Buffer,
+    root_src_path: Buffer,
+
+    /// relative to root_src_dir
+    table: Table,
+
+    pub const Table = std.HashMap([]const u8, *Package, mem.hash_slice_u8, mem.eql_slice_u8);
+
+    /// makes internal copies of root_src_dir and root_src_path
+    /// allocator should be an arena allocator because Package never frees anything
+    pub fn create(allocator: *mem.Allocator, root_src_dir: []const u8, root_src_path: []const u8) !*Package {
+        return allocator.create(Package{
+            .root_src_dir = try Buffer.init(allocator, root_src_dir),
+            .root_src_path = try Buffer.init(allocator, root_src_path),
+            .table = Table.init(allocator),
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn add(self: *Package, name: []const u8, package: *Package) !void {
+        const entry = try self.table.put(try mem.dupe(self.table.allocator, u8, name), package);
+        assert(entry == null);
+    }
+};
src-self-hosted/scope.zig
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
 
         /// Creates a Decls scope with 1 reference
         pub fn create(comp: *Compilation, parent: ?*Scope) !*Decls {
-            const self = try comp.a().create(Decls{
+            const self = try comp.gpa().create(Decls{
                 .base = Scope{
                     .id = Id.Decls,
                     .parent = parent,
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
                 },
                 .table = undefined,
             });
-            errdefer comp.a().destroy(self);
+            errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(self);
 
-            self.table = Decl.Table.init(comp.a());
+            self.table = Decl.Table.init(comp.gpa());
             errdefer self.table.deinit();
 
             if (parent) |p| p.ref();
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
 
         /// Creates a Block scope with 1 reference
         pub fn create(comp: *Compilation, parent: ?*Scope) !*Block {
-            const self = try comp.a().create(Block{
+            const self = try comp.gpa().create(Block{
                 .base = Scope{
                     .id = Id.Block,
                     .parent = parent,
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
                 .is_comptime = undefined,
                 .safety = Safety.Auto,
             });
-            errdefer comp.a().destroy(self);
+            errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(self);
 
             if (parent) |p| p.ref();
             return self;
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Block, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
         /// Creates a FnDef scope with 1 reference
         /// Must set the fn_val later
         pub fn create(comp: *Compilation, parent: ?*Scope) !*FnDef {
-            const self = try comp.a().create(FnDef{
+            const self = try comp.gpa().create(FnDef{
                 .base = Scope{
                     .id = Id.FnDef,
                     .parent = parent,
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *FnDef, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
 
         /// Creates a CompTime scope with 1 reference
         pub fn create(comp: *Compilation, parent: ?*Scope) !*CompTime {
-            const self = try comp.a().create(CompTime{
+            const self = try comp.gpa().create(CompTime{
                 .base = Scope{
                     .id = Id.CompTime,
                     .parent = parent,
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *CompTime, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
             kind: Kind,
             defer_expr_scope: *DeferExpr,
         ) !*Defer {
-            const self = try comp.a().create(Defer{
+            const self = try comp.gpa().create(Defer{
                 .base = Scope{
                     .id = Id.Defer,
                     .parent = parent,
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
                 .defer_expr_scope = defer_expr_scope,
                 .kind = kind,
             });
-            errdefer comp.a().destroy(self);
+            errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(self);
 
             defer_expr_scope.base.ref();
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Defer, comp: *Compilation) void {
             self.defer_expr_scope.base.deref(comp);
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
 
         /// Creates a DeferExpr scope with 1 reference
         pub fn create(comp: *Compilation, parent: ?*Scope, expr_node: *ast.Node) !*DeferExpr {
-            const self = try comp.a().create(DeferExpr{
+            const self = try comp.gpa().create(DeferExpr{
                 .base = Scope{
                     .id = Id.DeferExpr,
                     .parent = parent,
@@ -253,14 +253,14 @@ pub const Scope = struct {
                 },
                 .expr_node = expr_node,
             });
-            errdefer comp.a().destroy(self);
+            errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(self);
 
             if (parent) |p| p.ref();
             return self;
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *DeferExpr, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 };
src-self-hosted/target.zig
@@ -1,60 +1,118 @@
+const std = @import("std");
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
-const c = @import("c.zig");
-
-pub const CrossTarget = struct {
-    arch: builtin.Arch,
-    os: builtin.Os,
-    environ: builtin.Environ,
-};
+const llvm = @import("llvm.zig");
 
 pub const Target = union(enum) {
     Native,
-    Cross: CrossTarget,
+    Cross: Cross,
 
-    pub fn oFileExt(self: *const Target) []const u8 {
-        const environ = switch (self.*) {
-            Target.Native => builtin.environ,
-            Target.Cross => |t| t.environ,
-        };
-        return switch (environ) {
-            builtin.Environ.msvc => ".obj",
+    pub const Cross = struct {
+        arch: builtin.Arch,
+        os: builtin.Os,
+        environ: builtin.Environ,
+        object_format: builtin.ObjectFormat,
+    };
+
+    pub fn oFileExt(self: Target) []const u8 {
+        return switch (self.getObjectFormat()) {
+            builtin.ObjectFormat.coff => ".obj",
             else => ".o",
         };
     }
 
-    pub fn exeFileExt(self: *const Target) []const u8 {
+    pub fn exeFileExt(self: Target) []const u8 {
         return switch (self.getOs()) {
             builtin.Os.windows => ".exe",
             else => "",
         };
     }
 
-    pub fn getOs(self: *const Target) builtin.Os {
-        return switch (self.*) {
+    pub fn getOs(self: Target) builtin.Os {
+        return switch (self) {
             Target.Native => builtin.os,
-            Target.Cross => |t| t.os,
+            @TagType(Target).Cross => |t| t.os,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn getArch(self: Target) builtin.Arch {
+        return switch (self) {
+            Target.Native => builtin.arch,
+            @TagType(Target).Cross => |t| t.arch,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn getEnviron(self: Target) builtin.Environ {
+        return switch (self) {
+            Target.Native => builtin.environ,
+            @TagType(Target).Cross => |t| t.environ,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn getObjectFormat(self: Target) builtin.ObjectFormat {
+        return switch (self) {
+            Target.Native => builtin.object_format,
+            @TagType(Target).Cross => |t| t.object_format,
         };
     }
 
-    pub fn isDarwin(self: *const Target) bool {
+    pub fn isWasm(self: Target) bool {
+        return switch (self.getArch()) {
+            builtin.Arch.wasm32, builtin.Arch.wasm64 => true,
+            else => false,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn isDarwin(self: Target) bool {
         return switch (self.getOs()) {
             builtin.Os.ios, builtin.Os.macosx => true,
             else => false,
         };
     }
 
-    pub fn isWindows(self: *const Target) bool {
+    pub fn isWindows(self: Target) bool {
         return switch (self.getOs()) {
             builtin.Os.windows => true,
             else => false,
         };
     }
-};
 
-pub fn initializeAll() void {
-    c.LLVMInitializeAllTargets();
-    c.LLVMInitializeAllTargetInfos();
-    c.LLVMInitializeAllTargetMCs();
-    c.LLVMInitializeAllAsmPrinters();
-    c.LLVMInitializeAllAsmParsers();
-}
+    pub fn initializeAll() void {
+        llvm.InitializeAllTargets();
+        llvm.InitializeAllTargetInfos();
+        llvm.InitializeAllTargetMCs();
+        llvm.InitializeAllAsmPrinters();
+        llvm.InitializeAllAsmParsers();
+    }
+
+    pub fn getTriple(self: Target, allocator: *std.mem.Allocator) !std.Buffer {
+        var result = try std.Buffer.initSize(allocator, 0);
+        errdefer result.deinit();
+
+        // LLVM WebAssembly output support requires the target to be activated at
+        // build type with -DCMAKE_LLVM_EXPIERMENTAL_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=WebAssembly.
+        //
+        // LLVM determines the output format based on the environment suffix,
+        // defaulting to an object based on the architecture. The default format in
+        // LLVM 6 sets the wasm arch output incorrectly to ELF. We need to
+        // explicitly set this ourself in order for it to work.
+        //
+        // This is fixed in LLVM 7 and you will be able to get wasm output by
+        // using the target triple `wasm32-unknown-unknown-unknown`.
+        const env_name = if (self.isWasm()) "wasm" else @tagName(self.getEnviron());
+
+        var out = &std.io.BufferOutStream.init(&result).stream;
+        try out.print("{}-unknown-{}-{}", @tagName(self.getArch()), @tagName(self.getOs()), env_name);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    pub fn llvmTargetFromTriple(triple: std.Buffer) !llvm.TargetRef {
+        var result: llvm.TargetRef = undefined;
+        var err_msg: [*]u8 = undefined;
+        if (llvm.GetTargetFromTriple(triple.ptr(), &result, &err_msg) != 0) {
+            std.debug.warn("triple: {s} error: {s}\n", triple.ptr(), err_msg);
+            return error.UnsupportedTarget;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+};
src-self-hosted/test.zig
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub const TestContext = struct {
         try self.loop.initMultiThreaded(allocator);
         errdefer self.loop.deinit();
 
-        self.event_loop_local = EventLoopLocal.init(&self.loop);
+        self.event_loop_local = try EventLoopLocal.init(&self.loop);
         errdefer self.event_loop_local.deinit();
 
         self.group = std.event.Group(error!void).init(&self.loop);
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ pub const TestContext = struct {
             Target.Native,
             Compilation.Kind.Obj,
             builtin.Mode.Debug,
+            true, // is_static
             self.zig_lib_dir,
             self.zig_cache_dir,
         );
src-self-hosted/type.zig
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         decls: *Scope.Decls,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Struct, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Struct, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         };
 
         pub fn create(comp: *Compilation, return_type: *Type, params: []Param, is_var_args: bool) !*Fn {
-            const result = try comp.a().create(Fn{
+            const result = try comp.gpa().create(Fn{
                 .base = Type{
                     .base = Value{
                         .id = Value.Id.Type,
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
                 .params = params,
                 .is_var_args = is_var_args,
             });
-            errdefer comp.a().destroy(result);
+            errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(result);
 
             result.return_type.base.ref();
             for (result.params) |param| {
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
             for (self.params) |param| {
                 param.typeof.base.deref(comp);
             }
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Fn, ofile: *ObjectFile) !llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@ pub const Type = struct {
                 Type.Id.Void => llvm.VoidTypeInContext(ofile.context) orelse return error.OutOfMemory,
                 else => try self.return_type.getLlvmType(ofile),
             };
-            const llvm_param_types = try ofile.a().alloc(llvm.TypeRef, self.params.len);
-            defer ofile.a().free(llvm_param_types);
+            const llvm_param_types = try ofile.gpa().alloc(llvm.TypeRef, self.params.len);
+            defer ofile.gpa().free(llvm_param_types);
             for (llvm_param_types) |*llvm_param_type, i| {
                 llvm_param_type.* = try self.params[i].typeof.getLlvmType(ofile);
             }
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *MetaType, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Void, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Bool, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Bool, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *NoReturn, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Int, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Int, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Float, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Float, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         pub const Size = builtin.TypeInfo.Pointer.Size;
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Pointer, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn get(
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Array, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Array, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *ComptimeFloat, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *ComptimeInt, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Undefined, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Null, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Optional, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Optional, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *ErrorUnion, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *ErrorUnion, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *ErrorSet, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *ErrorSet, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Enum, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Enum, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Union, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Union, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Namespace, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Block, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *BoundFn, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *BoundFn, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *ArgTuple, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Opaque, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Opaque, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ pub const Type = struct {
         base: Type,
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Promise, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmType(self: *Promise, ofile: *ObjectFile) llvm.TypeRef {
src-self-hosted/value.zig
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ const Scope = @import("scope.zig").Scope;
 const Compilation = @import("compilation.zig").Compilation;
 const ObjectFile = @import("codegen.zig").ObjectFile;
 const llvm = @import("llvm.zig");
+const Buffer = std.Buffer;
 
 /// Values are ref-counted, heap-allocated, and copy-on-write
 /// If there is only 1 ref then write need not copy
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ pub const Value = struct {
 
         /// The main external name that is used in the .o file.
         /// TODO https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/265
-        symbol_name: std.Buffer,
+        symbol_name: Buffer,
 
         /// parent should be the top level decls or container decls
         fndef_scope: *Scope.FnDef,
@@ -79,10 +80,22 @@ pub const Value = struct {
         /// parent is child_scope
         block_scope: *Scope.Block,
 
+        /// Path to the object file that contains this function
+        containing_object: Buffer,
+
+        link_set_node: *std.LinkedList(?*Value.Fn).Node,
+
         /// Creates a Fn value with 1 ref
         /// Takes ownership of symbol_name
-        pub fn create(comp: *Compilation, fn_type: *Type.Fn, fndef_scope: *Scope.FnDef, symbol_name: std.Buffer) !*Fn {
-            const self = try comp.a().create(Fn{
+        pub fn create(comp: *Compilation, fn_type: *Type.Fn, fndef_scope: *Scope.FnDef, symbol_name: Buffer) !*Fn {
+            const link_set_node = try comp.gpa().create(Compilation.FnLinkSet.Node{
+                .data = null,
+                .next = undefined,
+                .prev = undefined,
+            });
+            errdefer comp.gpa().destroy(link_set_node);
+
+            const self = try comp.gpa().create(Fn{
                 .base = Value{
                     .id = Value.Id.Fn,
                     .typeof = &fn_type.base,
@@ -92,6 +105,8 @@ pub const Value = struct {
                 .child_scope = &fndef_scope.base,
                 .block_scope = undefined,
                 .symbol_name = symbol_name,
+                .containing_object = Buffer.initNull(comp.gpa()),
+                .link_set_node = link_set_node,
             });
             fn_type.base.base.ref();
             fndef_scope.fn_val = self;
@@ -100,9 +115,19 @@ pub const Value = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Fn, comp: *Compilation) void {
+            // remove with a tombstone so that we do not have to grab a lock
+            if (self.link_set_node.data != null) {
+                // it's now the job of the link step to find this tombstone and
+                // deallocate it.
+                self.link_set_node.data = null;
+            } else {
+                comp.gpa().destroy(self.link_set_node);
+            }
+
+            self.containing_object.deinit();
             self.fndef_scope.base.deref(comp);
             self.symbol_name.deinit();
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -115,7 +140,7 @@ pub const Value = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Void, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -134,7 +159,7 @@ pub const Value = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Bool, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
 
         pub fn getLlvmConst(self: *Bool, ofile: *ObjectFile) ?llvm.ValueRef {
@@ -156,7 +181,7 @@ pub const Value = struct {
         }
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *NoReturn, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 
@@ -170,7 +195,7 @@ pub const Value = struct {
         };
 
         pub fn destroy(self: *Ptr, comp: *Compilation) void {
-            comp.a().destroy(self);
+            comp.gpa().destroy(self);
         }
     };
 };
std/atomic/int.zig
@@ -25,5 +25,9 @@ pub fn Int(comptime T: type) type {
         pub fn get(self: *Self) T {
             return @atomicLoad(T, &self.unprotected_value, AtomicOrder.SeqCst);
         }
+
+        pub fn xchg(self: *Self, new_value: T) T {
+            return @atomicRmw(T, &self.unprotected_value, builtin.AtomicRmwOp.Xchg, new_value, AtomicOrder.SeqCst);
+        }
     };
 }
std/event/future.zig
@@ -6,15 +6,20 @@ const AtomicOrder = builtin.AtomicOrder;
 const Lock = std.event.Lock;
 const Loop = std.event.Loop;
 
-/// This is a value that starts out unavailable, until a value is put().
+/// This is a value that starts out unavailable, until resolve() is called
 /// While it is unavailable, coroutines suspend when they try to get() it,
-/// and then are resumed when the value is put().
-/// At this point the value remains forever available, and another put() is not allowed.
+/// and then are resumed when resolve() is called.
+/// At this point the value remains forever available, and another resolve() is not allowed.
 pub fn Future(comptime T: type) type {
     return struct {
         lock: Lock,
         data: T,
-        available: u8, // TODO make this a bool
+
+        /// TODO make this an enum
+        /// 0 - not started
+        /// 1 - started
+        /// 2 - finished
+        available: u8,
 
         const Self = this;
         const Queue = std.atomic.Queue(promise);
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ pub fn Future(comptime T: type) type {
         /// available.
         /// Thread-safe.
         pub async fn get(self: *Self) *T {
-            if (@atomicLoad(u8, &self.available, AtomicOrder.SeqCst) == 1) {
+            if (@atomicLoad(u8, &self.available, AtomicOrder.SeqCst) == 2) {
                 return &self.data;
             }
             const held = await (async self.lock.acquire() catch unreachable);
@@ -43,18 +48,36 @@ pub fn Future(comptime T: type) type {
         /// Gets the data without waiting for it. If it's available, a pointer is
         /// returned. Otherwise, null is returned.
         pub fn getOrNull(self: *Self) ?*T {
-            if (@atomicLoad(u8, &self.available, AtomicOrder.SeqCst) == 1) {
+            if (@atomicLoad(u8, &self.available, AtomicOrder.SeqCst) == 2) {
                 return &self.data;
             } else {
                 return null;
             }
         }
 
+        /// If someone else has started working on the data, wait for them to complete
+        /// and return a pointer to the data. Otherwise, return null, and the caller
+        /// should start working on the data.
+        /// It's not required to call start() before resolve() but it can be useful since
+        /// this method is thread-safe.
+        pub async fn start(self: *Self) ?*T {
+            const state = @cmpxchgStrong(u8, &self.available, 0, 1, AtomicOrder.SeqCst, AtomicOrder.SeqCst) orelse return null;
+            switch (state) {
+                1 => {
+                    const held = await (async self.lock.acquire() catch unreachable);
+                    held.release();
+                    return &self.data;
+                },
+                2 => return &self.data,
+                else => unreachable,
+            }
+        }
+
         /// Make the data become available. May be called only once.
         /// Before calling this, modify the `data` property.
         pub fn resolve(self: *Self) void {
-            const prev = @atomicRmw(u8, &self.available, AtomicRmwOp.Xchg, 1, AtomicOrder.SeqCst);
-            assert(prev == 0); // put() called twice
+            const prev = @atomicRmw(u8, &self.available, AtomicRmwOp.Xchg, 2, AtomicOrder.SeqCst);
+            assert(prev == 0 or prev == 1); // resolve() called twice
             Lock.Held.release(Lock.Held{ .lock = &self.lock });
         }
     };
std/buffer.zig
@@ -54,6 +54,19 @@ pub const Buffer = struct {
         return result;
     }
 
+    pub fn allocPrint(allocator: *Allocator, comptime format: []const u8, args: ...) !Buffer {
+        const countSize = struct {
+            fn countSize(size: *usize, bytes: []const u8) (error{}!void) {
+                size.* += bytes.len;
+            }
+        }.countSize;
+        var size: usize = 0;
+        std.fmt.format(&size, error{}, countSize, format, args) catch |err| switch (err) {};
+        var self = try Buffer.initSize(allocator, size);
+        assert((std.fmt.bufPrint(self.list.items, format, args) catch unreachable).len == size);
+        return self;
+    }
+
     pub fn deinit(self: *Buffer) void {
         self.list.deinit();
     }
std/dwarf.zig
@@ -639,3 +639,40 @@ pub const LNE_define_file = 0x03;
 pub const LNE_set_discriminator = 0x04;
 pub const LNE_lo_user = 0x80;
 pub const LNE_hi_user = 0xff;
+
+pub const LANG_C89 = 0x0001;
+pub const LANG_C = 0x0002;
+pub const LANG_Ada83 = 0x0003;
+pub const LANG_C_plus_plus = 0x0004;
+pub const LANG_Cobol74 = 0x0005;
+pub const LANG_Cobol85 = 0x0006;
+pub const LANG_Fortran77 = 0x0007;
+pub const LANG_Fortran90 = 0x0008;
+pub const LANG_Pascal83 = 0x0009;
+pub const LANG_Modula2 = 0x000a;
+pub const LANG_Java = 0x000b;
+pub const LANG_C99 = 0x000c;
+pub const LANG_Ada95 = 0x000d;
+pub const LANG_Fortran95 = 0x000e;
+pub const LANG_PLI = 0x000f;
+pub const LANG_ObjC = 0x0010;
+pub const LANG_ObjC_plus_plus = 0x0011;
+pub const LANG_UPC = 0x0012;
+pub const LANG_D = 0x0013;
+pub const LANG_Python = 0x0014;
+pub const LANG_Go = 0x0016;
+pub const LANG_C_plus_plus_11 = 0x001a;
+pub const LANG_Rust = 0x001c;
+pub const LANG_C11 = 0x001d;
+pub const LANG_C_plus_plus_14 = 0x0021;
+pub const LANG_Fortran03 = 0x0022;
+pub const LANG_Fortran08 = 0x0023;
+pub const LANG_lo_user = 0x8000;
+pub const LANG_hi_user = 0xffff;
+pub const LANG_Mips_Assembler = 0x8001;
+pub const LANG_Upc = 0x8765;
+pub const LANG_HP_Bliss = 0x8003;
+pub const LANG_HP_Basic91 = 0x8004;
+pub const LANG_HP_Pascal91 = 0x8005;
+pub const LANG_HP_IMacro = 0x8006;
+pub const LANG_HP_Assembler = 0x8007;
std/index.zig
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ pub const sort = @import("sort.zig");
 pub const unicode = @import("unicode.zig");
 pub const zig = @import("zig/index.zig");
 
+pub const lazyInit = @import("lazy_init.zig").lazyInit;
+
 test "std" {
     // run tests from these
     _ = @import("atomic/index.zig");
@@ -71,4 +73,5 @@ test "std" {
     _ = @import("sort.zig");
     _ = @import("unicode.zig");
     _ = @import("zig/index.zig");
+    _ = @import("lazy_init.zig");
 }
std/lazy_init.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+const std = @import("index.zig");
+const builtin = @import("builtin");
+const assert = std.debug.assert;
+const AtomicRmwOp = builtin.AtomicRmwOp;
+const AtomicOrder = builtin.AtomicOrder;
+
+/// Thread-safe initialization of global data.
+/// TODO use a mutex instead of a spinlock
+pub fn lazyInit(comptime T: type) LazyInit(T) {
+    return LazyInit(T){
+        .data = undefined,
+        .state = 0,
+    };
+}
+
+fn LazyInit(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        state: u8, // TODO make this an enum
+        data: Data,
+
+        const Self = this;
+
+        // TODO this isn't working for void, investigate and then remove this special case
+        const Data = if (@sizeOf(T) == 0) u8 else T;
+        const Ptr = if (T == void) void else *T;
+
+        /// Returns a usable pointer to the initialized data,
+        /// or returns null, indicating that the caller should
+        /// perform the initialization and then call resolve().
+        pub fn get(self: *Self) ?Ptr {
+            while (true) {
+                var state = @cmpxchgWeak(u8, &self.state, 0, 1, AtomicOrder.SeqCst, AtomicOrder.SeqCst) orelse return null;
+                switch (state) {
+                    0 => continue,
+                    1 => {
+                        // TODO mutex instead of a spinlock
+                        continue;
+                    },
+                    2 => {
+                        if (@sizeOf(T) == 0) {
+                            return T(undefined);
+                        } else {
+                            return &self.data;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    else => unreachable,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub fn resolve(self: *Self) void {
+            const prev = @atomicRmw(u8, &self.state, AtomicRmwOp.Xchg, 2, AtomicOrder.SeqCst);
+            assert(prev == 1); // resolve() called twice
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+var global_number = lazyInit(i32);
+
+test "std.lazyInit" {
+    if (global_number.get()) |_| @panic("bad") else {
+        global_number.data = 1234;
+        global_number.resolve();
+    }
+    if (global_number.get()) |x| {
+        assert(x.* == 1234);
+    } else {
+        @panic("bad");
+    }
+    if (global_number.get()) |x| {
+        assert(x.* == 1234);
+    } else {
+        @panic("bad");
+    }
+}
+
+var global_void = lazyInit(void);
+
+test "std.lazyInit(void)" {
+    if (global_void.get()) |_| @panic("bad") else {
+        global_void.resolve();
+    }
+    assert(global_void.get() != null);
+    assert(global_void.get() != null);
+}
CMakeLists.txt
@@ -479,6 +479,7 @@ set(ZIG_STD_FILES
     "index.zig"
     "io.zig"
     "json.zig"
+    "lazy_init.zig"
     "linked_list.zig"
     "macho.zig"
     "math/acos.zig"